Diseases and Parasites of Beef Cattle Sypmptom Identification Pages 308330
Korean J Parasitol. 2010 Dec; 48(4): 347–349.
Intestinal Parasite Infections in Pigs and Beef Cattle in Rural Areas of Chungcheongnam-practice, Korea
Hassan Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ismail
1Department of Infection Biology, Research Constitute for Medical Sciences, Chungnam National Academy School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-131, Korea.
Hyung-Kyu Jeon
2Section of Parasitology, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 361-763, Korea.
Yong-Man Yu
iiiDepartment of Practical Biology, Chungnam National Academy College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Daejeon 301-131, Korea.
Changhee Do
fourDepartment of Dairy Science and Industry, Chungnam National University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Daejeon 301-131, Korea.
Immature-Ha Lee
oneSection of Infection Biology, Enquiry Plant for Medical Sciences, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-131, Korea.
Received 2010 Jun 16; Revised 2010 Nov 22; Accustomed 2010 Nov 23.
Abstruse
The present report was performed to investigate the infection status of abdominal parasites in pigs and beef cattle in rural areas of Chungcheongnam-do, Korea. From Nov 2009 to April 2010, a total of 241 fecal samples of pigs and beef cattle (136 and 105, respectively) were examined by direct smear and centrifugal sedimentation methods. The overall positive rates of intestinal parasites among pigs and beef cattle were 73.5% and 4.eight%, respectively, and the double-infection rate was 10.3% in pigs. Of 136 specimens from pigs, Balantidium coli, Ascaris suum, and Entamoeba spp. infections were found in 88 (64.7%), 24 (17.6%), and 5 cases (iii.seven%), respectively. Of 105 beef cattle, Entamoeba spp. infections were detected in 5 cases (4.8%). From these results, it is shown that pigs raised on rural farms in Chungcheongnam-do had a high B. coli infection rate and a moderate A. suum infection rate. These results demonstrate that environmentally resistant cysts or eggs could be widespread on the farms examined, and thus an effective hygienic management system is needed to prevent them from serving as the source of infection for man beings.
Keywords: prevalence, intestinal parasites, beef cattle, pigs
Zoonoses can be transmitted straight past contact with an animal, via contaminated surround, or food, and they tin can be transmitted indirectly via vectors. The diseases they cause in humans range from balmy and self-limiting to fatal. Livestock, such as pigs and cattle, are known to exist important sources of zoonoses. Parasitic infections of pigs and cattle, such as Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium spp., Ascaris suum, and Balantidium coli, are increasingly attracting attention due to their pathogenic and zoonotic impacts [1]. The prevalence of intestinal parasites in Korea in the 1980s was 55.iv% for Entamoeba spp., 66.6% for B. coli, 25.6% for A. suum, 55.4% for Eimeria and Isospora spp., and 1.0% for Giardia lamblia [two]. Furthermore, the infection rates of nematodes, coccidia, and trematodes in cattle were 49.0%, 10.9%, and fourteen.vi%, respectively [3].
However, environments for keeping pigs and cattle have undergone major changes in the past few decades. For case, pigs are at present kept bars in pigpens with concrete as opposed to earth floors. Thus, pigs at present take a lower take a chance of direct contact with arthropods harboring parasites or soil contaminated with environmentally resistant forms of parasites. In addition, cattle are raised on hay with concrete floors. Furthermore, drug and vaccine treatments for animals, breeding programs intended to introduce resistance to pathogenic microorganisms, and cleaning of sheds with disinfectants are now commonplace. Although the number of pig and cattle farmers in Korea is at present decreasing, the number of animals per farmer is increasing. The high number of animals per farm is an important factor in the outbreak and persistence of infectious diseases. Insufficient information exists regarding parasitic infections among pigs and cattle in Korea, despite the implementation of many ecology changes in raising the animals. Thus, nosotros tried to estimate the prevalence of intestinal parasites in pigs and beef cattle raised on farms in Chungcheongnam-do using a coproscopic approach.
Nosotros surveyed the farms of half-dozen villages of Chungcheongnam-do, Korea betwixt November 2009 and Apr 2010. Of 241 fecal samples nerveless, 136 were from pigs and 105 were from beef cattle. The samples were stored at four℃ and examined within v days of sample collection. Fecal samples were examined for the presence of helminth eggs and protozoan cysts, oocysts, and/or trophozoites using direct smear and centrifugal sedimentation methods. The centrifugal sedimentation method was performed according to Zajac and Conboy [i]. Briefly, ane chiliad of fecal textile was diluted in ix ml of tap water in a 15-ml centrifugal tube and centrifuged at 800 g for 5 min. After centrifugation, ten ml of 10% formalin solution was added to the sediment and mixed with 4 ml of ethyl acetate followed past centrifugation at 800 g for 5 min. Sediment on the bottom was recovered and placed onto a glass slide. The entire smear was examined by light microscopy at magnifications of 200 × or 400 ×. An animal was determined to exist infected with an abdominal parasite if at least one egg, oocyst, cyst, or trophozoite was found in the fecal smear.
The results of the pig fecal examinations are shown in Table 1. Of 136 pigs, 100 (73.5%) had parasite eggs and/or cysts in their feces. B. coli cysts were plant in 88 (64.7%), and A. suum eggs and Entamoeba spp. cysts were detected in 24 (17.vi%) and v animals (3.vii%), respectively. Of the 100 infected pigs, more than 2 species of parasites were observed in fourteen (x.3%) (A. suum and B. coli: 12 cases; A. suum and Entamoeba spp: 3 cases; B. coli and Entamoeba spp: 5 cases; A. suum, B. coli, and Entamoeba spp: 3 cases). Parasites were detected in the pigs from all farms examined. The highest positive rate was seen in the pigs from Tancheon-myeon, Gongju-si (80.6%), followed by Gwangcheon-eup, Hongseong-gun (73.5%). On the cattle coprological examinations, v of 105 beef cattle (four.8%) examined were infected with Entamoeba spp. (Tabular array two).
Table ane
Prevalence of intestinal parasites infection in pigs examined by the direct smear method and the centrifugal sedimentation method in Chungcheongnam-do, Korea
Tabular array 2
Prevalence of intestinal parasites infection in beef cattle examined by the direct smear method and the centrifugal sedimentation method in Chungcheongnam-exercise, Korea
B. coli is the largest protozoan parasite and the only ciliate parasitic to humans. Ingestion of B. coli cysts from pig feces through h2o and nutrient intake results in manual [iv,5]. Its prevalence among pigs has been reported as 47.two% in China [6] and one.half dozen% in Turkey [7], but the highest prevalence is institute in tropical and subtropical regions of the world [4,five]. In a written report from Denmark, the prevalence of B. coli was found to increase from 57% to 100% with increasing age [8]. The prevalence of B. coli was 64.7% in the present report, which is higher than that in other studies [6,vii]. It is thought that contaminated feed buckets or pens as well every bit a lack of conscientious treatment of feces from infected animals are the reasons for the high prevalence of these parasites. Farther written report is needed to evaluate the key factors involved in the loftier prevalence of B. coli in pigs. Estimates of the worldwide prevalence of B. coli infection are commonly less than 1% [four,5]. Still, the infection rates among swine herders and butchery workers are as high as 28% in Papua New Guinea [9]. In recent years, at that place take been some reports of B. coli infection in immunocompromised patients, including HIV/AIDS patients, patients with malignancies, and patients who have undergone organ transplantations [ten].
A. suum is a causative agent of visceral larva migrans in humans. Humans with liver and lung lesions equally well equally cases and epidemics of eosinophilic pneumonia have been reported, and A. suum-specific antibodies were present in all cases [xi-13]. In Japan and Turkey, 14.seven% and 3.vii% of pigs, respectively, were estimated to exist infected with A. suum [7,fourteen]. The prevalence of A. suum infection in the nowadays study was 17.vi%, which was lower than that in a previous report in Korea by Jang [2]. All the same, Ascaris in pigs is an important zoonotic parasite, as genetic analysis has indicated that pig Ascaris may infect humans [11-xiii]. Thus, nosotros need a detailed epidemiological survey to analyze the relationship between ecology factors and the prevalence of parasites on farms.
Cattle are known to be of import sources of zoonotic parasites, such as C. parvum. Matsubayashi et al. [14] recently reported that the prevalence of parasite infections in cattle were 76.v% for Eimeria spp., seven.0% for Capillaria bovis, and three.eight% for Trichuris spp. The prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in Korea was 8.9-98.2% in cattle and 9.nine-47.7% in pigs [15]. In this study, we institute Amoeba spp. in 5 beefiness cattle in Chungcheongnam-do, which was a lower parasite infection charge per unit than that previously reported in Korea [3]. The prevalence of infectious diseases in animals is related to several factors, including types of food and h2o, food supply systems, aseptic atmospheric condition, location of pens, administration of drugs or vaccinations, and and so on. We examined hygienically well-managed beef cattle on farms. Notwithstanding, cysts of Cryptosporidium spp. were not detected in either pigs or beefiness cattle because acid-fast staining was not performed on the carrion.
The results of the present written report demonstrate that pigs raised on farms in Chungcheongnam-do had a high B. coli infection rate and a moderate A. suum infection rate, whereas the prevalence of abdominal parasite infections in beefiness cattle was depression. These results demonstrate that environmentally resistant cysts or eggs could be widespread on the farms examined, and pig feces may serve as a source for a group of parasites capable of infecting human beings. Thus, an effective hygienic direction system must be based on appropriate knowledge of the epidemiological weather of the prevailing parasitic infections. This survey is meaningful every bit a farm-based study to reveal the prevalence of intestinal parasite infection in the rural areas of Korea. However, the study has some limitations in its decision of the verbal prevalence of intestinal parasites in pigs and beef cattle, such as excluding the acid-fast staining of carrion. Further surveys from various areas will be necessary to clarify the exact prevalence.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was carried out with the back up of "Cooperative Enquiry Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (Project No. PJ006600)" Rural Evolution Administration, South korea.
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Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3018588/
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